In order to implement scientific management, the production process often involves documenting a reasonable sequence of operations to guide manufacturing. These documents, known as process specifications, define the manufacturing steps and methods for a product or component. While multiple processing methods may exist for a single part, only one is typically more suitable under specific conditions. For general spindle components, the standard processing route is as follows:
**Blanking → Forging → Annealing (Normalizing) → Rough Machining → Conditioning → Semi-Finishing → Quenching → Rough Grinding → Low-Temperature Aging → Fine Grinding.**
For example, the transmission shaft shown in the figure consists of an outer diameter, a shoulder, a thread, a thread relief groove, and a wheel overtravel groove. The ends of the journal require high positional accuracy, and the surface roughness (Ra) of the outer diameter is between 0.8–0.4 μm. Like other important shaft components, the drive shaft requires quenching and tempering treatment to achieve good mechanical properties.
When manufacturing shaft parts, round steel is commonly used as the blank for simple shafts or stepped shafts with small diameter differences. However, for stepped shafts with larger diameter variations, forging can save material and reduce machining time. Given that the maximum diameter of the shaft is not very large and the quantity is only two pieces, round steel with a diameter of φ55 is a suitable choice for the blank.
Based on the precision and mechanical performance requirements of the drive shaft, the processing sequence is determined as follows: rough machining, quenching, and semi-finishing. During rough machining, due to large cutting forces and lower positional accuracy requirements, the workpiece is clamped using a three-jaw self-centering chuck. After rough machining, the workpiece is repositioned to ensure accurate positioning during semi-finishing. For grinding, a unified reference is used to minimize repeated positioning errors and ensure even grinding allowance. To improve grinding quality, two centers are used to hold the workpiece.
The machining process for the transmission shaft is summarized in the table below:
| No. | Work Type | Processing Diagram | Processing Content | Tool or Tool | Clamping Method |
|-----|-----------|--------------------|--------------------|--------------|-----------------|
| 1 | Material Feeding | - | Feed φ55×245 | - | - |
| 2 | Turning |  | Clamp φ55 outer diameter; face the end, drill center hole Φ2.5; rough turn φ52×202, φ45, φ40, φ30; retain 2mm diameter and 1mm length | Center drill, right tool | Three-jaw self-centering chuck |
| 3 | Turning |  | Clamp φ47 outer diameter; face the other end, ensure total length 240; drill center hole Φ2.5; rough turn φ35 | Center drill, right tool | Three-jaw self-centering chuck |
| 4 | Heat Treatment | - | Normalize, hardness 220–250 HBS | - | - |
| 5 | Center Hole Drilling | - | Ream the center hole | Quadrant tip | Three-jaw self-centering chuck |
| 6 | Turning |  | Clamp B-end; finish turn φ50, precision turn φ35, groove, chamfer | Right tool, grooving tool | Double center |
| 7 | Turning |  | Clamp A-end; precision turn φ45, M40 large diameter, φ30; cut three slots, chamfer, thread M40×1.5 | Right tool, grooving tool, threading tool | Double center |
| 8 | Grinding | - | Cylindrical grinding on φ30 and φ45 | Grinding wheel | Double center |
| 9 | Testing | - | Final inspection | - | - |
This detailed process ensures that each step contributes to the final quality and performance of the drive shaft, meeting both dimensional and functional requirements.
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