In order to implement scientific management, the production process often includes documented procedures that guide manufacturing. These documents, known as process specifications, outline the steps and methods required to produce a product or component. A single part can be manufactured using multiple techniques, but only one method is typically the most suitable under specific conditions. For general spindle components, the standard processing route is as follows:
**Blanking → Forging → Annealing (Normalizing) → Rough Machining → Conditioning → Semi-Finishing → Quenching → Rough Grinding → Low-Temperature Aging → Finishing Grinding.**
For example, the transmission shaft shown in the figure below consists of an outer diameter, a shoulder, a thread, a thread relief groove, and a wheel overtravel groove. The ends of the journal on the first gear require high positional accuracy, and the surface roughness (Ra) of the outer diameter is between 0.8–0.4 μm. Like other critical shaft components, the transmission shaft needs quenching and tempering to achieve good mechanical properties.
When selecting the blank for a shaft, round steel is commonly used for optical or step shafts with small diameter differences, while forging is preferred when there are significant diameter variations to save material and reduce machining time. Since the diameter of each outer diameter is not very large and the quantity is only two, round steel with a diameter of φ55 is a suitable choice.
Based on the precision and mechanical requirements of the drive shaft, the processing sequence is determined as: roughing, quenching, and semi-finishing. During roughing, due to the large machining allowance and cutting forces, the position accuracy of each surface is not strictly required. Therefore, the workpiece is clamped at one end, such as using a three-jaw self-centering chuck to hold the φ35 outer diameter after rough machining. In the semi-finishing stage, the position accuracy of each surface is ensured, and grinding uses a unified reference point to minimize positioning errors and ensure even grinding allowance. To maintain quality, two-point support is used during grinding.
The machining process of the transmission shaft is summarized in the table below:
| No. | Work Type | Processing Diagram | Processing Content | Tool or Cutting Tool | Clamping Method |
|-----|-----------|--------------------|--------------------|----------------------|------------------|
| 1 | Material Feeding | - | Feed φ55×245 | - | - |
| 2 | Turning |  | Clamp φ55 outer diameter, face and center drill Φ2.5; rough turn φ52×202, φ45, φ40, φ30; leave 2mm diameter and 1mm length | Center drill, right tool | Three-jaw self-centering chuck |
| 3 | Turning |  | Clamp φ47 outer diameter, face and center drill Φ2.5; rough turn φ35; leave 2mm diameter and 1mm length | Center drill, right tool | Three-jaw self-centering chuck |
| 4 | Heat Treatment | - | Tempering, hardness 220–250 HBS | - | - |
| 5 | Drilling | - | Ream center hole | Quadrant tip | Three-jaw self-centering chuck |
| 6 | Turning |  | Clamp B-end, finish turn φ50, precision turn φ35, groove, chamfer | Right tool, grooving tool | Double centers |
| 7 | Turning |  | Clamp A-end, precision turn φ45, M40 large diameter, φ30, cut three grooves, chamfer, thread M40×1.5 | Right tool, grooving tool, threading tool | Double centers |
| 8 | Grinding | - | Cylindrical grinding of φ30 and φ45 | Grinding wheel | Double centers |
| 9 | Inspection | - | Final inspection | - | - |
This detailed process ensures that the transmission shaft meets all dimensional, surface finish, and mechanical performance requirements. Each step is carefully planned to optimize efficiency, reduce errors, and maintain consistent quality throughout the manufacturing cycle.
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