In the current context where new regions and districts are increasingly emphasizing global environmental protection in agriculture, industries that convert various agricultural and industrial organic solid wastes into horticultural substrates or composted organic fertilizers have gained significant popularity in China. However, due to the absence of scientifically unified product quality standards and standardized production processes, the quality of these products on the market varies greatly. As a result, many farmers and growers often encounter problems such as poor germination, "root burn," stunted seedlings, yellowing leaves, weak growth, and even plant death when using inadequately decomposed substrates or fertilizers. These issues mainly stem from incomplete fermentation of raw materials like crop straw and animal manure. During decomposition, substances such as phenolic acids and ammonia can remain in the final product, acting as inhibitors that negatively affect plant growth.
To avoid unnecessary losses and ensure safe usage, it is highly recommended that practitioners conduct simple and practical tests before purchasing these products. Below are several effective methods for identifying the maturity and safety of compost products:
1. **Plastic Bag Method** – For compost products primarily made from livestock and poultry manure, place a small amount in a sealed plastic bag. If the bag does not inflate, it indicates that the compost has been properly decomposed. If gas is produced, it suggests that the material is still unfermented and may contain harmful substances.
2. **Germination Test Method** – Take 5 grams of air-dried compost and place it in a 200 mL beaker. Add 100 mL of warm water at 60°C and let it soak for 3 hours. After filtering, take 10 mL of the filtrate and pour it into a petri dish lined with two layers of filter paper. Place 100 seeds of cabbage, radish, cucumber, or tomato in the dish and observe the germination rate. A control group should be prepared using distilled water instead of the compost extract. If the germination rate is over 90% compared to the control, the product is considered safe and well-decomposed. This method is especially useful for composts containing lignocellulosic materials.
3. **Earthworm Test Method** – Prepare several small containers and cover them with black cloth. Crumble the compost sample and place it in the container. Then introduce a few earthworms into the mixture. If the earthworms burrow into the compost, it indicates that the material is fully decomposed and safe. If they refuse to enter and instead crawl on top, it suggests the presence of residual phenols or ammonia, which can be harmful to plants.
By applying these simple yet effective identification techniques, growers can significantly reduce the risk of using substandard compost products, ensuring better crop performance and long-term sustainability in agricultural practices.
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